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Concurrently, we introduce the associated optimisation algorithm, which is inspired by GECO [25]--the latter does not always lead to good encodings (e.g., Sec.

Learning concepts from natural high-dimensional data (e.g., images) holds potential

A.2 Proof of proposition 1 Let Pœ{B,D,E}, k be a valid kernel (assumptions of theorem 1) with K Inversion of conditional with Bayes rule gives: 'W œS As a complement, we now explicit the simple forms taken by the posterior limit graph in each case. A.3 Proof of theorem 2 We consider the following hierarchical model, for Nonetheless it can be simplified as we now show. We focus on finding the optimal eigenvectors first. Only the left term in (18) depends on R. The optimization problem for eigenvectors writes: min tr! Note that the identity permutation i.e. for i œ [n], (i) =i is optimal in this case as the ( We will choose this U in what follows as the sign of the axes do not influence the characterization of the final result in Z as a PCA embedding. Note that this solution is not unique if there are repeated eigenvalues.

Classical causal structure learning algorithms often assume no latent confounders. However, it is usually impossible to enumerate and measure all task-related variables in real-world scenarios. Neglecting latent confounders may lead to spurious correlations among observed variables.

Large width limits have been a recent focus of deep learning research: modulo computational practicalities, do wider networks outperform narrower ones? Answering this question has been challenging, as conventional networks gain representational power with width, potentially masking any negative effects.